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Africa | North Africa

Africans marvel, fret at China's hard workers

WILLIAM MACLEAN | ALGIERS, ALGERIA - Aug 21 2008 14:12
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An influx of workers from China is receiving a mixed reception in Africa, where people both admire and resent the hard-working newcomers' pursuit of wealth.

Awe at the efficiency with which Chinese build roads, run shops and manage factories is matched by unease at a growing Chinese presence in Africa's fragile labour markets.

Delight at cheap shirts, toys and shoes sits aside concern at the undercutting of local retailers, Africans told Reuters correspondents around the continent.

The ambivalent response poses a potential risk to China's push to win hearts and minds in Africa, a priority for Beijing amid Western accusations that it is cutting corners on labour and human rights' safeguards in its African investment drive.

Keen to address foreign investment sensitivities, African finance ministers and central bankers meeting in Mauritania on August 1 pledged greater transparency in their dealings with China and other new investors pouring money into the continent.

They stressed the importance of developing local skills and industries beyond the extraction of raw materials.

However, most African leaders show no reservations in welcoming the billions of dollars spent by China to gain African oil and minerals for its growing economy.

Algerian bricklayer Djamel Laari marvels at China's growing links to his country, once shunned by foreign investors due to an impenetrable bureaucracy and past political violence.

But he wonders about the Chinese practice of flying planeloads of labourers into a war-weary, politically fragile society where seven out of 10 adults under 30 has no job.

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"Many Algerians are not happy with this, because those companies bring Chinese workers with them. This doesn't help us cope with unemployment," Laari said.

Algerian officials say the country had 19 000 Chinese workers in 2007, mostly builders and craftsmen implementing parts of a $200-billion national economic development plan. Some Algerians believe the real number is several times that.

'You might as well commit suicide'
Two-way trade rose to $3,8-billion in 2007 from less than a billion in 2002, driven by a rise in Chinese exports to Algeria, which has won an estimated $1-billion in Chinese investment.

In neighbouring Morocco, respect among retailers for Chinese mercantile determination is tainted with dismay over a slump in profit margins due to Chinese price competition, and over the willingness of Chinese to work for low pay.

Azzeddine Lahlou, who runs a boutique in Casablanca's Derb Omar district, said: "Many traders here can no longer afford even to pay for their children's education."

"A Chinese worker gets about 300 dirhams ($41) a month. A Moroccan wants around 2 000 dirhams. For 300 dirhams, you might as well commit suicide."

Many Chinese workers in Africa earn much more than that, often several hundred dollars a month. Those earning less may have support from family members, also working in Africa.

Chinese migration to Africa has surged since 2000, according to a joint study by Barry Sautman, a political scientist at Hong Kong University of Science and Technology and social scientist Yan Hairong of Hong Kong Polytechnic University.

Sautman told Reuters a 2007 Chinese media estimate of 750 000 Chinese expatriates in Africa was "not unreasonable", making them one of Africa's largest foreign communities.

The array of Chinese skills in Africa grows by the month: from doctors and fish farmers to barbers and beauticians. In Gabon, Chinese hairstylists attract a demanding clientele.

More than 800 Chinese state-owned firms are active in the African economy, plus an unknown number of private concerns.

Hu Zhirong, vice-president of the China-Africa Development Fund, a private equity fund, told Reuters in June that Chinese foreign direct investment soared to $13,7-billion in 2007 from $500-million in 2000.

This wide swathe of Chinese activity has helped Africa to its strongest growth since the 1960s. But in sub-Saharan Africa, the advance has not put a dent in unemployment, which remained at about 10% in 2006, according to the United Nations.

The International Labour Organisation says about 55% of working people in sub-Saharan Africa do not earn enough to lift themselves and their families above the dollar-a-day poverty line, and that about 86% subsist on $2 a day.

This abiding poverty means Africa's workplace can be highly sensitive territory for all foreign investors.

In April, China withdrew more than 400 of its workers from Equatorial Guinea after two Chinese labourers were killed in a clash with security forces during a strike by local employees.

While details were sketchy, it was believed to be the first case of Chinese workers being killed in a labour protest in Africa, and appeared to be one of the most serious disputes to affect a Chinese project in the world's poorest continent.

Some Chinese have become targets for crime or rebels. Separatist Ogaden rebels killed nine Chinese in a raid on an Ethiopian oilfield last year and Chinese employees have been taken hostage in other incidents in Nigeria and Niger.

'Low wages, long hours'
In March, workers at Zambia's Chinese-owned Chambishi smelter went on strike and rioted over pay, slightly injuring a Chinese manager and damaging property.

In South Africa, textile sector job losses in recent years created concern about South African imports of cheap Chinese textiles that "spanned the usually fractious ties between the country's trade unions, businessmen and government officials", wrote Chris Alden, London School of Economics lecturer.

Africans cite low wages, long hours and language and culture barriers as problems in working for the Chinese, Alden wrote.

"The biggest problem we face now is the language barrier and the different customs and culture between Zambians and the Chinese," Goodwell Kaluba, general secretary of Zambia's National Union of Mining and Allied Workers, told Reuters.

One way of circumventing such problems has been simply to minimise African employment in Chinese ventures.

In Sudan, increasingly wealthy thanks to growing exports of oil to China, thousands of Chinese are working on major projects in energy, roads, dams and telecoms.

They tend to live apart from Sudanese, with their own accommodation, restaurants and shops in a practice often adopted by large Chinese companies elsewhere in Africa.

As a result, most encounters between Africans and Chinese tend to be in the Chinese shops that are springing up around the continent, often in remote areas, to sell basic household goods.

Illegal immigrants
"For most ordinary Africans, it is these Chinese small-scale entrepreneurs, and most especially retail traders, who have had the greatest impact on their lives," Alden wrote.

While prices are attractive, pleasure can vanish if Africans perceive a rip-off.

"In Namibia, the rather positive image of Chinese shop owners as energetic people who bring affordable foods to the poor has been supplanted by the negative image of greedy business people profiting from selling worthless junk," wrote Basel University academic Gregor Dobler in a study of Chinese in northern Namibia.

An unknown proportion of Chinese workers flout African law by staying on after their contracts expire in order to seek their fortune in Africa, Africans and experts say.

There are also other illegal immigrants, most of whom come on tourist visas with the intention of scouting out opportunities, and then stay when they find them. South Africa appears to be the only country where there are a significant number of Chinese actually smuggled in, Sautman says.

He expects more workplace integration as African managers are appointed in Chinese firms. African-Chinese marriages have taken place, but reliable statistics are hard to find.

"There are some examples of Chinese bosses of small and medium enterprises having good relations with their employees, but more of Chinese and African workers socialising, despite the lack of full comprehension of each others' languages," he said. - Reuters
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So, you finally started noticing.

by the way:

1) The chinese dont always work hard, there's buddhist monks as well. And a couple of milleniums tradition of becoming a hermit and painting, or writing poetry.

2) At least the europeans employed Africans as maids and cooks, the Chinese dont usually do that.

3) On Average, a Mainland chinese is probably the most racist person in the world, since the Chinese classify everybody by ethnicity, not country.

4) The Chinese, (and Vietnamese from French Indo china at the time) have been in Africa from about 200 years onwards. They were imported as bonded labourers after the slave trade was abolished, along with Indians. And because at the time it was thought that European workers were more prone to tropical diseases, so they moved "natives" around the empires. (which is why there are historical mentions of vietnamese in Gabon/Equatorial Guinea a hundred years ago.)

http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/5891

Do try to catch up with your history, please.
Alisdair Budd on August 21, 2008, 4:10 pm
This is in response to the previous comment:

I fail to see the point in the poster's comment, nevertheless:

"1) The chinese dont always work hard, there's buddhist monks as well. And a couple of milleniums tradition of becoming a hermit and painting, or writing poetry."

This is rather offensive (and I'm not even Chinese) because of the level of ignorance in this statement. Completely forgetting that the Chinese have produced some of the most important inventions in history (paper, gunpowder, printing and the like), since when has it been a Chinese "tradition" to become a hermit, paint or write poetry? I think somebody needs a little more exposure to different cultures. On the whole, the Chinese are known for a good work ethic, although people will be people and certain individuals will either be lazy or hard-working. Generalising is thus a bad idea in general (except for this generalisation).

"2) At least the europeans employed Africans as maids and cooks, the Chinese dont usually do that."

Perhaps that indicates that the Chinese do their own chores? Besides, they employ Africans in their mines and other investments. Chinese people are assumedly coming to Africa in their droves because there needs to be some expertise in existence which is something that is lacking in Africa in many cases.

"3) On Average, a Mainland chinese is probably the most racist person in the world, since the Chinese classify everybody by ethnicity, not country."

And yet, you classified whole groups of people yourself in your comment. Also, generalising is a no-no. Also, you're talking crap in general.

"4) The Chinese, (and Vietnamese from French Indo china at the time) have been in Africa from about 200 years onwards. They were imported as bonded labourers after the slave trade was abolished, along with Indians. And because at the time it was thought that European workers were more prone to tropical diseases, so they moved "natives" around the empires. (which is why there are historical mentions of vietnamese in Gabon/Equatorial Guinea a hundred years ago.)"

Not sure of the truth value of this statement, but I fail to see the point here?

"Do try to catch up with your history, please."

Ditto.
Michael Grabowski on August 21, 2008, 7:54 pm
Why do Africans have to wait for Chinese or European to start business for them and get hired by immigrants? Those people come with their brains and hands and Africans have them too. We have colleges that offer all kind of degrees, we have banks, we borrow money from IMF, World Bank... We get loans... Why do we have to be spectators and watch what those so called hard workers do in our countries? What is the African elite doing?
kizito mwanga on August 21, 2008, 9:12 pm
What is the African elite doing? Shopping - and not in Chinese shops. But why does it have to be the elite that does something about the economy? In Taiwan (which was a poor country 40 years ago) the ordinary people rely on money that they make themselves, often in their own businesses. In South Africa many immigrants make a living this way.
Clare Rothwell on August 24, 2008, 12:28 pm
I think the main difference between Chinese entrepreneurship and western business is that they target local consumers needs to a greater degree. Western companies often limit their engagement in Africa to extractive industries and if a road or a railway is built it is built to take those resources out. China on the other hand sees a road or a railway as an opportunity not only to take resources at low prices but also to do more business for that country by building it, maintaining it and using it to sell their consumer products. Both rely on heavily corrupting government officials.

But the danger to the African engagement with China is that the west never sent millions of its people to Africa. China on the other hand with its labor problem looks to Africa to solve that problem by flying in hundreds of thousands of their workers for even the most mundane work. I have been on planes from China to Africa and they are packed with the kind of people you could find in the typical African village. These people work hard not because they are innately hard workers but because the conditions under which they work is almost akin to slavery. They are kept apart from the African people so that their employers can control them completely and so that the labor does not develop legs (literally). The host nation does not know the kind of labor being brought in nor the ridiculously low amounts of money these people are paid.

China is succeeding in an Africa that is full of ignorance and lazy government officials. I hope Africans will start to demand much more from China than becoming a dumping ground for their low-wage labor and excess population. With unemployment well over 20% in many countries, Africa does not need a Chinese friendship that flashes money with one hand and takes most of it back through their companies and workforce.
Nwabu NNebe on August 29, 2008, 10:31 am
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