THE SMART NEWS SOURCE | Feb 10 2010 11:38 | LAST UPDATED Feb 10 2010 11:38 |
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It is 20 years to the week since the End Conscription Campaign was banned. Jonathan Ancer celebrates the remarkable movement of white activists. I was 18 and my main ambition in life was to grow my hair. I tore open the brown envelope and out slid a piece of paper my "call-up" for two years of military service. It was time for me to protect our women and children from the terries. I'd be a man; a soldier. I'd be doing my bit for my country. So, why did I want to hurl? I joined the End Conscription Campaign (ECC) instead. "The ECC took anyone opposed to the South African Defence Force, even troops," says Brett Myrdal, one of the campaign's founders. "Conscription was the only way whites felt the pain of apartheid and this made it an ideal mobilising tool - apartheid wasn't worth dying for." Support for the ECC grew to such an extent that it became a bayonet in the belly of the apartheid beast. Defence minister Magnus Malan declared the country's top three enemies to be the South African Communist party, the ANC and, in third place, the ECC. It was 20 years ago, on August 22 1988, that the government banned the ECC. "A resolution at a Black Sash conference in 1983 called for an end to conscription," says Myrdell. "That night a few of us chatting in a graveyard realised that this resolution was the way to bypass the Defence Act, which prescribed a 10-year jail sentence for anyone who encouraged people to disobey their call-up. "We could call on the state not to conscript, as we were not calling on individuals to refuse to serve." The ECC was made up of pacifists, old liberals, young commies, liberation theologians, just war advocates, bunny huggers, trendoids, Christians and tie-dyed hippies, but Christian pacifists and student lefties predominated. "It was not without tensions, but it was held together by a clever leadership," says former ECC activist Roddie Payne. Adele Kirsten, one of the ECC's founding mothers, is proud of the organisation's achievements. "It was a scary time to be a young activist. People did much braver things than us, but we were breaking very deliberately with our group. Those days were awful. We lived in fear of being detained, an experience not shared by the rest of the white population." Many whites went to the army reluctantly, while some became professional students, did alternative service (a punitive six years), dodged the draft or skipped the country. But 14 men gave the army the most dramatic middle finger of all - they went to jail. The first man who put up his hand was Anton Eberhard. In 1970 he did his national service; but seven years later, when he was called up to a camp, his life had changed dramatically. "I befriended Vusi Khanyile [now chair of the investment company Thebe] and got a taste of what life was like for black South Africans. When I received my call up in 1977 Vusi was detained. I knew I couldn't put on an SADF uniform." Eberhard wrote to his commanding officer saying he refused to defend a system he didn't believe in. "My boss was furious with me. 'So, who will stop our daughters being raped on the border?' he asked." Six months later military police knocked on his door. Eberhard served two months in detention barracks. "I was put in solitary confinement and - amazingly - left with my books. I got to read Wittgenstein and all the books I always wanted to read but didn't have the time." Eberhard says he didn't feel "particularly evangelical" about his stand. "I don't know if it did anything directly; for me it was an issue of conscience." Peter Moll and Richard Steele set out to raise consciousness. "I was trying to get people to think; to question authority," says Steele. "There was an expectation that whites would collaborate with the apartheid government, but the fact that there were people prepared to make a sacrifice sent a powerful message." Steele was willing to do community service, but objected to military service. "Any violence was contrary to the spirit of love, peace and healing, the path I'd chosen to follow. This was my country and I wanted to make a contribution." In jail Steele refused to wear a uniform, salute or eat meat. "There were lots of threats, but I stood my ground. Every time I refused an order I felt stronger.'" An Amnesty International prisoner of conscience, Steele received thousands of letters of support. The censors read every one. "Now I've no reason to feel guilty. I can look black people in the eyes because I was a freedom fighter too." Charles Yeats, dodging the draft in London, was so inspired by Steele's stand that he returned home and refused to serve. He passed the baton to Mike Viveiros, who had watched Casspirs roll down the streets of Hanover Park where he taught Sunday school. "I saw soldiers shooting at children. I thought: 'How could I teach these people the love of God when later I would be expected to shoot at them?'" Viveiros was jailed for 12 months. "I had an amazing opportunity to have Breyten Breytenbach in the next cell. I benefited from apartheid, but I did my small part in trying to fight it." Viveiros handed the objector baton to Neil Mitchell who, in 1998, 15 years after his release, found himself sitting next to army chief Siphiwe Nyanda at a Soweto school's anniversary celebration. "I told him I hoped he would be out of a job soon because I wanted to live in a world without armies. He just laughed." The Conscientious Objector Support Group was formed to support jailed refuseniks; they were becoming martyrs and the government was worried. In September 1983, three days before Myrdal's trial started, the state increased prison sentences for objectors from two years to a mandatory six years. He joined Umkhonto weSizwe and went into exile. That seemed to solve the question of what to do with objectors: no one would go to jail for six years. The state hadn't counted on David Bruce. After he was sentenced The Star carried a photo of him with the headline: "Bruce gets six years". "Commuters to Soweto stuck the page on their buses," recalls Kirsten. "I had goosebumps." The ECC plastered images of Bruce's brooding gaze around the country. Then Charles Bester, an earnest, articulate, fresh-faced Christian of just 18, told a court that his beliefs taught him apartheid was evil. "We desperately need reconciliation to come together and find out more about each other," he testified. Bam! The gavel came down. Six years. For the government it was a public relations disaster. It accused the ECC of aiding the "communist onslaught" and detained its leaders, banned its publications, raided its offices and conducted smear campaigns against its members. Two weeks before the ECC was banned, 143 men publicly refused to serve in the army. Steele says the government realised it could no longer rely on conscripts to enforce its rule. "This helped the push to democracy. We disempowered the South African government. We were a major threat because we were coming from within." The banning didn't stop the momentum. Nine months later 771 men said: "Hell no, we won't go!" During the talks after Nelson Mandela's release conscription fell away. "Thanks to the ECC the conscription issue was settled very quickly," says Kirsten. "I like saying to my nephews -- and I do boast a bit -- that it's because of me that you don't have to go into the military." Jailed objectors: where are they now? Anton Eberhard Sentenced to 12 months, 10 of which were suspended, in 1977 for refusing to do a camp. Now a research professor at the University of Cape Town's business school. Peter Moll Sentenced to 18 months in 1979; served a year. Now a senior economist at the World Bank.Richard Steele Served a year in jail in 1980; now a homeopath. Charles Yeats Served a year in detention barracks in 1981, then sentenced to a year in civilian prison for refusing to wear a uniform. He teaches at Durham University and advises corporations on their social, environmental and moral responsibilities. He wrote a book about his experiences. Mike Viveiros Sentenced to 18 months' imprisonment in 1982, served a year in Pretoria Central. Has been living in Taiwan since 2001 where he teaches English. Neil Mitchell Served a year in 1982. A teacher, he works for the Catholics School Office. Billy Paddock Served a year in 1982. Died in a road accident in the early 1990s. Etienne Essery Served four months in 1983. Is writing a feature film script looking at South Africa in the Seventies and Eighties. Pete Hathorn sentenced to two years in 1983, served a year in Pollsmoor Prison. He is now an advocate. Paul Dodson sentenced to a year's imprisonment in 1983. He died in a motorbike accident in the late 1980s. David Bruce sentenced to six years in 1988, Bruce was released in 1990 after an appeal arguing for a review of maximum jail penalties for objectors. Now a researcher at the Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation. Saul Batzofin served nine months of a 21-month sentence. Now an IT programme manager at Imperial College, London. Ivan Toms served nine months of a 21-month sentence imposed in 1988. In 2002 became Cape Town's director of health, where he led the battle against TB and HIV/Aids. Was awarded the Order of the Baobab in 2006 in recognition of his "outstanding contribution to the struggle against apartheid and sexual discrimination". He died from meningitis in April. Charles Bester The last objector to be jailed, Bester served 20 months of a six-year sentence. He now runs a guesthouse in Plettenberg Bay. TOPICS IN THIS ARTICLE
Comments
Nice piece to read, strange that you didn't mention where is Brett Myrdal. He is a Park Manager in Table Mountain National Park. One of the best manager i ever have in my life. I will always cheerish him CJ
Chumisa Jackson on August 25, 2008, 11:40 am
Those were brave boys. Well done and great to hear they are all doing so well now. I was greived to hear about Ivan Toms death.
Isabella Van der Westhuizem on August 25, 2008, 12:41 pm
Wow, really powerful...isn't it sad that so many of them are not in SA anymore...
San-Daleen De Wet on August 25, 2008, 1:42 pm
I salute these brave and extraordinary people! Despised by the majority of their white contemporaries in those days and mostly unsung to this day, they are obscure heroes who simply did what they believed was right.
Gabri Rigotti on August 25, 2008, 2:14 pm
These men were very brave.
I wish I had the courage to do what they did. Of all the things I've done in life of which I am ashamed, spending 2 years propping up such an evil system as apartheid, instead of following the example of these men, is near the top of my regrets.
Bruce Clark on August 25, 2008, 3:12 pm
Oh humbug! The whole conscription thing and even the three week camps thereafter was nothing but fun and fellowship! I'm glad I went and, with the benefit of hindsight, I'd gladly go again. I've no time at all for these draft-dodger cowards. They were, and are, a shabby disgrace.
Jon Low on August 25, 2008, 5:03 pm
Well said Jon; we did our thing to mess up the cogs in the Soviet machine and to provide stability for a political settlement. Proud to have served.
Jac Press on August 25, 2008, 7:55 pm
Great men of honour! I bow before your spirits. During the dark days of insecurity, torture and harassment meted out by SADF & SAP, I always admired your courage. Your resolve to stand up against an evil system always gave Black people hope, and was enough proof that the struggle waged against apartheid was a just one. Guess what? History has proven you right - conscription and apartheid are no more, and the voices of reason have prevailed.
Mziwoxolo Bovana on August 25, 2008, 8:09 pm
I was the last intake to do 2 years of National Service. Do I have regrets? Sure, if I had gone to University first I would have missed it and had a two year headstart in life. Do I regret doing duty for my country? Not at all. I would do it under the ANC government now, and I absolutely detest who they are for their wholesale corruption and mismanagement of the country. That is the key. I was doing it for my country, not some political party.
People forget that Communism up to around 1985 was a real threat to Africa. Hence the war in Angola, and that was the main reason for conscription. I am also surprised at how few actually went to jail. The threat of jail time was very real to me at that time. Some friends joined the police for 4 years instead of the two years of national service. This was never an option for me. I wanted to get in and get out as quickly as possible. I still harbour a huge amount of resentment against the government of the time for the way we were treated. National Servicemen were just cannon fodder to the government and the Permanent Force, and we were treated accordingly. Some, like my brother, who fought in Cuito, lived with the scars for years afterward. I don't respect these ECC guys at all and have to question some of their motives, but the article was enlightening.
Peter Pan on August 25, 2008, 10:45 pm
I am sorry that we on sahistory missed this important event in our history. I had the honor of know and working with some of these brave comrades. Your article brought back found memory of the late Billy Paddock who died so young in a car crash. I first met Billy when he a day after he came out of prison. He called me up and volunteered to work with me and my colleagues in Afrapix. He went on to become a accomplished and fearless photographer and journalist. I salute the memory of all those brave men and women who stood up to evil and for freedom and justice .
Omar Badsha on August 26, 2008, 6:14 pm
Its not rocket science mate! Our motives for joining the ECC and for refusing to serve were extremely simple. We refused to serve in the apartheid government's military because that military was used primarily to maintain apartheid and to continue the oppression of our fellow South Africans. And those regional wars, such as the one in Angola, were aimed at punishing the people of our wider region who also supported our fight for freedom and democracy.
If to this day you cannot understand that taking a moral stance like this in life is "character-building" - then there is little that you will ever understand about your own country, its history and its future.
Andre Dormehl on August 27, 2008, 2:51 am
Would anyone of the members involved above, that were in prison & lived the apartheid era, be interested in going on a journey with me to compile a book. I would like to dedicate it to my Uncle, BILLY PADDOCK, as well as the Special Few that were close, near and dear to him. I would like to Honor him and his memory and speak of the Real Man behind whom many scorned. I don't believe his death was an accident either, miraculously all evidence of the accident was lost & never to be disclosed. We will never know the truth but what I do know, even as a child, is that he was a man full of life, energy & passion, he lived, he loved and stood for what he believed in and be it hereditary or a gene thing, I would like to do the same in whatever way I can! Thank-You!
Lara lundy/Paddock on September 29, 2009, 4:07 pm
I, as an anglican priest, was working in Crossroads during the 80s and witnessed first hand the destruction that South African security forces were causing right on the outskirts of Cape Town. I also had the opportunity to visit Namibia and (clandestinely) Angola to witness the destruction these security forces were causing there.
I was proud to work with Ivan Toms -- then a medical doctor who founded clinic in Crossroads -- and to have known and supported Anton Eberhard, Peter Moll, Billy Paddock, Charles Yeats, Pete Hathorn and Charles Bester in their amazingly courageous stand. These were courageous patriots. Being born about a decade earlier than most of them, I was never 'called up' and therefore never put to the test.
sidney luckett on October 3, 2009, 9:44 pm
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Protesting students defy the apartheid conscription laws. Those who refused compulsory military service could face up to six years in prison. (Photograph: AFP)
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