THE SMART NEWS SOURCE | Feb 10 2010 02:59 | LAST UPDATED Feb 10 2010 02:59 |
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With surging demand for power and blackouts common across the continent, Africa is looking to solar, wind and geothermal technologies to meet its energy needs One of the hottest places in the world is set to become the site of Africa's most ambitious venture in the battle against global warming. About 365 giant wind turbines are to be installed in desert around Lake Turkana in northern Kenya -- used as a backdrop for the film The Constant Gardener -- creating the biggest windfarm on the continent. When complete in 2012, the $881-million project will have a capacity of 300MW, a quarter of Kenya's current installed power and one of the highest proportions of wind energy to be fed in a national grid anywhere in the world. Until now, only North African countries such as Morocco and Egypt have harnessed wind power for commercial purposes on any real scale on the continent. But projects are now beginning to bloom south of the Sahara as governments realise that harnessing the vast wind potential can efficiently meet a surging demand for electricity and ending blackouts. Already Ethiopia has commissioned a $314-million, 120MW farm in Tigray region, representing 15% of the current electricity capacity, and intends to build several more. Tanzania has announced plans to generate at least 100MW of power from two projects in the central Singida region, more than 10% of the country's current supply. In March, South Africa, whose heavy reliance on coal makes its electricity the second most greenhouse-gas intensive in the world, became the first African country to announce a feed-in tariff for wind power, whereby customers generating electricity receive a cash payment for selling that power to the grid. Kenya is trying to lead the way. Besides the Turkana project, which is being backed by the African Development Bank, private investors have proposed establishing a second windfarm near Naivasha, the well-known tourist town. And in the Ngong hills near Nairobi, the Maasai herders and elite long-distance athletes used to braving the frigid winds along the escarpment already have towering company: six 50m turbines from the Danish company Vestas that were erected last month and will add 5,1MW to the national grid from August. Another dozen turbines will be added at the site in the next few years. Christopher Maende, an engineer from the state power company KenGen, which is running the Ngong farm and testing 14 other wind sites across the country, said local residents and herders were initially worried that noise from the turbines would scare the animals. "Now they are coming to admire the beauty of these machines," he said. Kenya's electricity is already very green by global standards. Nearly three-quarters of KenGen's installed capacity comes from hydropower, and a further 11% from geothermal plants, which tap into the hot rocks a mile beneath the Rift Valley to release steam to power turbines. Currently fewer than one-in-five Kenyans has access to electricity but demand is rising quickly, particularly in rural areas and from businesses. At the same time, increasingly erratic rainfall patterns and the destruction of key water catchment areas have affected hydroelectricity output. Low water levels caused the country's largest hydropower dam to be shut down last month. As a short-term measure KenGen is relying on imported fossil fuels, such as coal and diesel. But within five years the government wants to drastically reduce the reliance on hydro by adding 500MW of geothermal power and 800MW of wind energy to the grid. Not only are they far greener options than coal or diesel, but the country's favourable geology and meteorology make them cheaper alternatives over time. The possibility of selling carbon credits to companies in the industrialised world is an added financial advantage. "Kenya's natural fuel should come from the wind, hot underground rock and the sun, whose potential has barely even been considered," said Nick Nuttall, spokesperson for the United Nations Environment Programme. "After the initial capital costs this energy is free." The Dutch consortium behind the Lake Turkana Wind Power (LTWP) project has leased 66 000 hectares of land on the eastern edge of the world's largest permanent desert lake. The volcanic soil is scoured by hot winds that blow consistently year round through the channel between the Kenyan and Ethiopian highlands. According to LTWP, which has an agreement to sell its electricity to the Kenya Power & Lighting Company, the average wind speed is 11m per second, akin to "proven reserves" in the oil sector, said Carlo Van Wageningen, chairperson of the company. "We believe that this site is one of the best in the world for wind," he said. If the project succeeds, the company estimates that there is the potential for the farm to generate a further 2 700MW of power, some of which could be exported. First, however, there are huge logistical obstacles to overcome. The remote site of Loiyangalani is nearly 480km north of Nairobi. Transporting the turbines will require several thousand truck journeys, as well as the improvement of bridges and roads along the way. Security is also an issue as the region is known bandit country, and many locals are armed with AK-47 assault rifles. LTWP also has to construct a 425km transmission line and several substations to connect the windfarm to the national grid. It has promised to provide electricity to the closest local towns, currently powered by generators. The greening of Africa At the end of 2008, Africa's installed wind power capacity was only 593MW. But that is set to change fast. Egypt has declared plans to have 7 200MW of wind electricity by 2020, meeting 12% of the country's energy needs. Morocco has a 15% target over the same period. South Africa and Kenya have not announced such long-term goals, but with power shortages and wind potential of up to 60 000MW and 30 000MW respectively, local projects are expected to boom. With the carbon credit market proving strong incentives for investment other types of renewable energy are also set to take off. Kenya is planning to quickly expanding its geothermal capacity, and neighbouring Rift Valley countries up to Djibouti are examining their own potential. As technology improves and costs fall, solar will also enter the mix. Germany has already publicised plans to develop a €400-billion solar park in the Sahara. "Ultimately for Africa solar is the answer, although [costs mean] we may still be decades away," said Herman Oelsner, president of the African Wind Energy Association. - guardian.co.uk © Guardian News and Media 2009 TOPICS IN THIS ARTICLE
Comments
Duncan McGregor on July 28, 2009, 9:44 am
Duncan your point exactly mate? Wind is an alternative source of power,that is if you have strong winds.
I guess the Kenyans have chosen power over beauty in this case.And who can blame them in this time of Global Warming.Solar another option as Africa has it in abundance.
Evans Mazi on July 28, 2009, 10:01 am
There is no need for Coal, Nuclear or other harmful ways in which energy is created, Geothermal alone has the potential to provide power to everyone on the planet. The world as a whole consumes about 0.5 ZJ of energy each year and there is about 2000ZJ available in the earth and what makes this so appealing is that it renews its self so thats basically energy for ever. And with the use of Solar, wind Hydro, there is no reason why we all cant have clean energy, its all about GREED and Profits for people. Until we learn that when we start to look after the earth it will look after us. But the dollar signs are blinding people!!!
PEPE Sanman on July 28, 2009, 10:46 am
Excellent Kenya. What is South Africa(Eskom)doing?
Jan Hofmeyr on July 28, 2009, 12:38 pm
With the Chinese (1) and the Americans (2) being the biggest greenhouse gas polluters, but with the Americans per capita, being 4 x greater than the Chinese - as a matter of interest..how far advanced are the Americans in the technology and the propopnents of wind farm developement? Or, is the resource (wind) not there in sufficent quantities ? Be good to hear..the thoughts.
Craig LUNN on July 28, 2009, 2:12 pm
The U.S. department of energy admitted in 2007 that if wind was fully harvested in just 3 of America's 50 states it could power the entire nation.
Its not about being advanced its about how much money can be made. Obviously the initial outlay of cash is massive but in the long run it will pay for its self, and will make coal stations, and any non renewable power companies go bust. But who is at the forefront of most green technologies?.... Many of them are oil companies so basically we are being fleeced by the corporation. Well that is my belief anyways, agree or disagree that's up to you.
PEPE Sanman on July 28, 2009, 3:33 pm
As a layman in these matters, I feel that Kenya puts SA - still planning to build power plants fuelled by ghastly coal - to shame.
Wind may not be the whole answer - geothermal is the big opportunity - but I would rather see a square km of windmills anywhere, than one hideous open cast coal mine, which pollutes for 250km2 around it.
Bovril 24 on July 28, 2009, 7:48 pm
Wind power should be seen as a viable alternative, but I agree with Duncan McGregor to an extent. Wind power can be a risky investment, especially in Africa where scrap metal also has value. In the case of RSA.....our existing wind turbines and solar devices are not fed into the national power grid. However, the asthetics of wind turbines are not that pessimistic. In beautiful Northern Europe, it is part of the landscape, and when I think of the ugly Northern Cape, I see lots of solar and wind energy potential. BTW.....dont knock the Chinese, although they are obvious polluters (so are we) they are investing more in renewable energy than any other country in the world, and are responsible for the lower solar panel prices. The Indian subcontinent on the other hand is doing absolutely nothing while the Himalayan glaciers melt.
Khalsa Singh on July 28, 2009, 8:46 pm
Pepe Sanman, its all about baseload. Wind alone will not do it.
Evans (mate), I made my points, I think they are clear. It is about baseload, and windpower being inefficient and expensive. Without the government subsidies it simply does not pay for itself. Unless, of course, the consumer is willing to pay considerably, anhd I mean considerably, more for electricity.
Duncan McGregor on July 28, 2009, 11:18 pm
Duncan, do you think coal gets no subsidies? Who do you think pays for the rail infrastructure it uses? Add in the externalities like environmental degradation of mine sites, the extreme danger of underground mining and the threat of climate change and it becomes a whole lot less attractive. Wind is only expensive if you try to ramp it up to close to base load because you need about triple the capacity to cover times when the wind is low. If you mix in geothermal and solar thermal, you can achieve good load factors at costs that are higher than current prices for coal power, but likely to be attractive as coal gets more expensive. With China switching from a net exporter to a net importer and India ramping up its coal use, even without concerns about climate change we'd be running into trouble finding enough coal to meet demand: claims of hundreds of years of supply are at current rates of use, not escalated demand (http://opinion-nation.blogspot.com/2009/01/forget-climate-change-fossil-fuel.html). Add to that the problem that much of Africa lacks the infrastructure to move coal in bulk, and renewables start to look attractive.
Philip Machanick on July 29, 2009, 11:04 am
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But folks, you CANNOT rely on wind for base load generation.It is inefficient and usually uneconomic without government handouts. That is why it is so popular with the rent-seekers. And it is ugly; inconsistent with the beautiful landscape that is uniquely Africa's. Be wise, avoid wind power. You will save money.